Track Categories
The track category is the heading under which your abstract will be reviewed and later published in the conference printed matters if accepted. During the submission process, you will be asked to select one track category for your abstract.
The mRNA vaccine was the first vaccine approved for use against SARS-CoV-2 and has since shown high efficacy against severe illness and death. However, these vaccines have proven limitations as they require cold storage, short-term protection, and inaccessibility in resource-poor areas. We have developed a room-temperature-stable, easy-to-prepare, and potent self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. This saRNA vaccine is formulated with a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) that provides stability, ease of manufacture, and protection from degradation. In preclinical studies, this saRNA/NLC vaccine elicited potent humoral immunity, as demonstrated by high pseudo virus-neutralizing titers against alpha, beta, and delta variants of concern and induction of bone marrow-resident antibody-secreting cells. was induced. Strong Th1-skewed T cell responses were also observed after prime or allogeneic prime boost in mice. Notably, the saRNA/NLC platform showed thermostability when lyophilized at room temperature for at least 6 months and stored at refrigerated temperatures for at least 10 months. Taken together, this saRNA provided by NLC represents a potential improvement in RNA technology that will enable broad access to RNA vaccines against current COVID-19 and future pandemics. As of September 2022, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed 6.5 million people worldwide. A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has been developed, but more than 12 billion doses of his SARS-CoV-2 vaccine have been administered worldwide, but only 21% of his population in low-income countries received the vaccine.
The primary function of the immune system is to fight antigens that invade the body. It can also recognize self and non-self-antigens. Immunology also deals with immune disorders such as transplant rejection and hypersensitivity. autoimmune disease. It includes branches such as innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system mediates cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Research and development in immunology is now directed at animals, and new treatments have been invented for diseases that used to infect animals. Immunoglobulin molecules play an important role in the immune system by neutralizing antigens. play a role. Immune responses contribute to the development of many common diseases, including metabolic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology has numerous applications in the field of medicine, especially in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology. The immune response contributes to the development of many common diseases that are not generally considered immunological, including metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
The COVID-19 vaccine is used to prime the body's immune system to protect against COVID-19. It Helps to stop the pandemic provides strong protection against serious illness, hospitalization and death. Patients with COVID-19 present with lymphopenia and high level of cytokine, which can be considered potential biomarkers of disease progression. The specific immune profiles can also further induce microbial infections and multiple organ failure. Therefore, ameliorating lymphopenia and reducing inflammation may be an effective therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 patients. The pandemic has revealed the weaknesses of our health systems that were unprepared to cope with a very large number of patients requiring respiratory support therapy in a short time frame. On the other hand, the pandemic has prompted the scientific community to join in efforts to fight this novel pathogen.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease (23.1% versus 26.0% of total deaths, resp.). Currently, 1 in 4 deaths in the United States is due to cancer. According to American Cancer Society statistics, an estimated 1,479,350 new cases and 562,340 deaths from cancer are expected during 2009, with a slightly higher incidence and death rate in the male population. One of the major problems in developing an efficient cancer vaccine is the lack of TSAs and the weakness of immune responses against TAAs, usually recognized by the immune system as self-antigens. During the last decades, various strategies for therapeutic cancer vaccines have been proposed to overcome this weak immune response against TAAs, including cell-based vaccines, DNA- or RNA-based vaccines, protein- or peptide-based vaccines, and vector-based vaccines. The development of multiple vaccines in record time has shown that mRNA vaccine technology may one day become an effective cancer treatment.
Therefore, the new vaccine benefits from multiple auxiliary mechanisms that stimulate immunity while preventing inhibition.
We are optimistic that in the future we will see mRNA technology and other exciting vaccine approaches give doctors more treatment options to defeat cancer.
Maternal vaccination has important health benefits for pregnant women and their fetuses. Vaccine-preventable diseases significantly increase maternal, neonatal Vaccine infant morbidity and mortality. Some infections are so serious that they can ruin a pregnancy and even harm the baby during pregnancy or after delivery. These complications can be prevented by vaccination. Therefore, vaccination is very important for pregnant women. Vaccines strengthen the body's immune system to fight off serious infections. Vaccines help protect the mother's body from infection, and this immunity is passed on to the baby during pregnancy. This immunity protects the child during the first few months of life until he receives his own vaccinations. Her vaccination coverage of pregnant women remains lower than that of non-pregnant women of childbearing age. Given the risk of serious illness and adverse outcomes of pregnancy, we will continue to collect and disseminate data on the safety and efficacy of her vaccination during pregnancy and provide health care providers with all trimesters. It is imperative to encourage the promotion of vaccination.
Along with antibiotics, vaccination is considered one of the most effective ways to control and potentially eradicate infections. A new safe and effective tuberculosis vaccine could be a very important tool and is expected to play an important role in the fight against antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis. Despite the widespread use of the current tuberculosis vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), tuberculosis continues to be actively transmitted and remains one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. Over the past two decades, various tuberculosis vaccines have entered clinical trials. This paper reviews the current use of BCG vaccines in clinical trials and their potential indications. A new tuberculosis vaccine that can protect against respiratory disease caused by susceptible or resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis would be a very useful tool in preventing the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. It is estimated that about a quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 5-10% of them will develop tuberculosis during their lifetime. Despite significant progress in reducing mortality in recent decades due to better diagnosis and treatment, tuberculosis continues to cause enormous human suffering, a significant economic burden, and is one of the greatest causes of global injustice. BCG vaccine for new-borns provides partial protection to infants and young children against severe forms of tuberculosis, but does not protect teenagers or adults, who carry most tuberculosis infections. A new vaccine that is effective in all age groups, especially adults and adolescents, is needed to meet the goals of the World Health Organization's End TB Strategy to reduce TB mortality by 95% and global TB incidence by 90% by 2035. Vaccines also offer the best chance of stopping the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Since October 2022, WHO also recommends broad use of the RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine among children living in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce malaria, and deadly severe malaria. The new cause of death method was applied to 32 sub-Saharan African countries, which account for approximately 93% of all malaria deaths worldwide. The application of the methodology showed that malaria has caused significantly more damage to African children every year since 2000 than previously thought.
A well-known application in cancer immunology is cancer immunotherapy. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of cancer immunology vaccine is growing rapidly. Current research and new insights have turned these advances into breakthroughs in many tumours. Oncologists aim to understand the relationship between cancer and the normal immune system. Molecular identification of cancer antigens, cytokine gene transfer into cancer cells, and adoptive transfer of immune effector cells are some of the recent advances in cancer immunology.
Several vaccines against COVID-19 use nanoparticles to protect antigenic cargo (either protein or nucleic acid), increase immunogenicity, and ultimately enhance efficacy. Characterization of these nanomedicine is challenging due to their inherent complexity and requires the use of multidisciplinary techniques and capabilities. Accurate characterization of nano vaccines can be designed as a combination of physicochemical, immunological and toxicological assays. This will help address key challenges in preclinical characterization, guide the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines for current and future health crises, and streamline the approval process. The current pandemic emergency has given extraordinary impetus to clinical trials of these nanotechnologies, prompting a global effort to rethink the traditional parameters of nanomedicine and adapt characterization methods accordingly. Implementing a structured characterization strategy can help improve vaccine performance and reduce development time. This is an important aspect, especially in addressing the already declared 'future' challenges of emerging disease outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance. This is particularly important to help regulators evaluate new vaccines and speed up the approval process, especially in emergencies
Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to public health, animal health, food supplies and economies. Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective approaches to prevent disease outbreaks and spread in both animals and humans. Vaccines aimed at controlling pet diseases can prevent both human and animal diseases. Future trends in animal vaccines should include mRNA vaccines. Vaccines composed of mRNAs encoding protective antigens for pathogens of interest offer a new and exciting approach to the development of veterinary monoprophylaxis.
This technique has several advantages over attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and viral vector vaccines. Once the sequence of the candidate antigen is known, mRNA can be made. Cell culture and viral propagation are not prerequisites for vaccine production. Therefore, these vaccines can be produced quickly and are inexpensive after development. These properties make mRNA vaccines a strong option for the development of emerging viruses in veterinary vaccine important animal species. In fact, at least one vaccine candidate for currently in clinical trials is an mRNA vaccine. Herein, published studies on potential mRNA vaccines against human and zoonotic diseases are described, and mechanisms of action and mRNA delivery options are discussed.
The HIV vaccine field has adequately developed several vaccine structures through superior scientific research; however, the modest sign of efficacy from the RV144 Thai study remains the simplest demonstration of the safety of HIV vaccines in humans. Current vaccination techniques include priming techniques to enhance the induction of RV144-derived immune correlates, aggregated mosaic antigens, novel viral vectors, antigens designed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies, novel nucleic acid structures, and strong adjuvants for improving immunogenicity for a few years. Vaccine candidates on the rise. We conducted a targeted, peer-reviewed literature search of articles and abstracts of conventions from 1989 to 2021 for HIV vaccine research and scientific trials. HIV vaccine manufacturers have learned lessons from past successes and disasters to modern approaches to vaccine disposition. These techniques have led to new mosaic antigen constructs now underway in efficacy trials, have produced a diverse pipeline of early immunogens and new adjuvants superior to the industry approaching a potent global HIV vaccine.
As of October 2021, more than 243 million confirmed cases and up to 4.9 million deaths have been reported worldwide causative virus. Since its introduction in the 18th century, Nano vaccination has impacted mortality more than any other means than clean water and has greatly improved public health for millions of people worldwide. Various viral and bacterial infections and deaths are now preventable through vaccination, and diseases such as smallpox and polio have been eradicated worldwide (at least in the Western Hemisphere). However, vaccines for many important diseases do not yet exist, and new vaccines that either replace existing suboptimal vaccines or target new pathogens are needed. In some cases, commercial priorities have a significant inhibitory effect on vaccine development. Many of the missing vaccines are lagging the complexity of protective correlations and the difficulty in manipulating proper presentation of antigens to generate effective immune responses. All candidates showed consistent efficacy and tolerability. Technical formulations related to logistics and costs, temperature storage. Further studies are needed to assess long-term effects and assess vaccine safety and efficacy in the general population.
In the 2010s, genetic engineering efforts against influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1/H5N1) brought virus research into the public eye. Concerned research efforts inspired by top-down engineering strategies include gain-of-function experiments that manipulate infectious agents and amplify or create the likelihood of pandemic emergence. There is a general concern that these man-made viruses could be unintentionally spread or used for terrorist or military purposes. Successful resolution of these challenges could lead to the creation of powerful new tools for virology. In fact, the early use of semisynthetic virions revolutionized viral biology. For example, pseudo viruses have provided unprecedented quantitative insights into the mechanisms underlying viral cell entry, immune evasion, and evolution in many viral diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 paddy field. Importance of the self-assembly process during virion maturation. Moreover, the physicochemical interactions between virions and host cells can be studied with high spatial and temporal resolution by using engineered particles that closely mimic the biophysical properties of virions. Of direct relevance to the study of SARS-CoV-2, implementation of a synthetic viral replication cycle may enable the identification of novel mechanisms of action that antiviral therapies may target. Such mechanisms may include processes associated with phase separation during viral factory assembly, whose quantitative knowledge and cellular regulatory role remain largely elusive. Moreover, the synthetic replication cycle may mature into a programmable tool for studying the mechanisms of cellular defence against viral metabolic reprogramming and activation of immune evasion mechanisms. Ultimately, bottom-up assembly of the viral replication cycle may lead to a new generation of techniques that can resolve the temporal dynamics underlying viral infection in mechanistic and molecular detail.
Prevention of neurotrophic infections can be achieved through globally coordinated vaccination campaigns. This has successfully eradicated non-zoonotic pathogens such as the smallpox virus and, hopefully, poliovirus.
In this review article, vaccines currently available or under development against zoonotic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including Japanese and tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile fever, dengue fever, Zika fever, equine encephalitis virus, and chikungunya fever This section explains. We also describe non-zoonotic pathogens such as measles and human herpesvirus, as well as selected bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens.
In a recent multinational, multicentre observational cohort study by means of a standardized questionnaire, among inhabitants of residential care homes of the elderly and patients from hospitals, 2349 patients reported headache after vaccination with the Pfizer vaccine.
probiotic products are currently being developed to regulate cholesterol levels, but they all focus on live bacteria to help prevent elevated cholesterol levels it has been found that dead bacteria and their metabolites, called 'postbiotics', can maintain bioactivity 13 Previously, our team identified a probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum H6, CGMCC 18205, Patent No. (ZL 201910955071.X) that was well tolerated in the gastrointestinal tract. The H6 strain is commercialized. H6's ability to remove cholesterol in vitro reached 92.07%, and animal studies showed that it could effectively ameliorate abnormal intestinal flora and liver damage caused by a high cholesterol diet. In this study, the regulatory effects of viable inactivated and ultrasonically lysed H6 on cholesterol and its impact on the gut microbiota were evaluated, and the therapeutic effects of H6 on hypercholesterolemic mice were systematically investigated. and provided a theoretical basis for industrial probiotics development. and treatment of cholesterol diseases.
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that was once endemic in West and Central Africa and is caused by the monkeypox virus. However, cases have recently been confirmed in many non-endemic countries outside of Africa. On 23 July 2022, WHO declared the ongoing monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern associated with the vaccine. A rapid increase in confirmed cases could pose a threat to the international community. Here, we review the epidemiology of monkeypox, monkeypox virus reservoirs, new patterns of infection, mutations and mechanisms of viral transmission, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutics. It also includes preventive strategies such as vaccination against smallpox. Current epidemiological data suggest that the high frequency of human-to-human transmission may lead to further outbreaks, especially among men who have sex with men. The development of antiviral drugs and immunology vaccines against monkeypox virus is urgently needed despite the therapeutic efficacy of drugs currently in clinical use. It provides useful information for a better understanding of the monkeypox virus and provides guidance to governments and relevant agencies to prevent and control further spread of the monkeypox.